Combining LiDAR Imaging with Old Maps to Find Buried Historical Structures

Introduction

The integration of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) imaging technology with historical cartography represents a groundbreaking approach in the field of archaeology. This innovative method aims to unveil buried historical structures by leveraging precise topographical data obtained from LiDAR in conjunction with old maps that provide contextual information about past settlements. This article delineates the methodologies, historical significance, and case studies illustrating the effectiveness of this combinational technique.

Understanding LiDAR Technology

LiDAR is an advanced remote sensing technology that utilizes laser light pulses to measure distances from the sensor to the Earths surface. A key advantage of LiDAR is its ability to penetrate vegetation cover, delivering high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). This enables archaeologists to detect subtle topographical changes that may indicate buried structures, features, or landscape modifications.

For example, a study conducted in 2016 demonstrated that LiDAR could reveal ancient Maya cities hidden beneath the dense foliage of the Guatemalan rainforest. By utilizing LiDAR, researchers identified over 60,000 structures, including pyramids and roadways, thereby reshaping the understanding of Maya civilization (Culbert, 1988; McAuley & Kwiatkowski, 2020).

Historical Cartography and its Significance

Old maps provide valuable insights into historical landscapes and settlement patterns. are instrumental in revealing the geographical context of past human activities. By analyzing features depicted on these maps, researchers can formulate hypotheses regarding the locations of historical structures.

For example, the Map of the Seven Years War drawn in the 18th century not only outlines troop movements but also indicates key fortifications. Combining such historical maps with contemporary LiDAR data allows researchers to cross-reference potential archaeological sites with historical documentation, resulting in a more comprehensive understanding of the past.

Methodology

Data Collection

The integration of LiDAR imaging with historical maps involves several systematic steps:

• Acquisition of high-resolution LiDAR data over the target area.
• Gathering relevant historical maps from archives or libraries, ensuring they are georeferenced for accurate comparison.
• Using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, overlaying LiDAR-derived topographical data with historical maps.
• Identifying anomalies or discrepancies that may suggest the presence of buried structures.

Field Verification

To corroborate findings derived from LiDAR and historical maps, field verification is essential. This may involve targeted excavations or ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. Such methods allow for the collection of further data and enhance the validity of the initial findings.

Case Studies

The Roman Fort of Vindolanda, England

A prominent case of integrating LiDAR with historical maps is found at Vindolanda, a Roman fort located near Hadrians Wall in Northumberland, England. Through LiDAR imaging, researchers discovered hidden structures that aligned with features marked on a 1747 map of the site. e findings facilitated targeted excavations that uncovered a series of wooden buildings used for military and domestic purposes (Bishop, 2008).

Mesoamerican Archaeology

In a notable 2018 study, LiDAR technology combined with historical cartography identified the layout of ancient urban centers in the Petén region of Guatemala. By overlying LiDAR-derived data on 19th-century maps, archaeologists identified several previously unknown structures, providing insights into social organization and urban planning of the Maya civilization (Awe & Sabloff, 2018).

Implications for Future Research

The fusion of LiDAR technology and historical mapping not only enhances archaeological research but also promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among geographers, historians, and archaeologists. This approach paves the way for discovering new sites, informing conservation efforts, and facilitating urban planning by revealing hidden historical dimensions.

Conclusion

Combining LiDAR imaging with old maps offers powerful analytical capabilities that can fundamentally transform our understanding of historical contexts and archaeological sites. continued development and refinement of these methods will enhance our capacity to uncover and preserve the remnants of human history, ensuring that future generations can engage with and learn from the past.

References

Awe, J. J., & Sabloff, J. A. (2018). The Role of LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 97, 25-42.

Bishop, M. (2008). The Fort of Vindolanda: A Roman Military Installation. Antiquity, 82(325), 679-698.

Culbert, T. P. (1988). Maya Civilization. Annual Review of Anthropology, 17, 57-68.

McAuley, J., & Kwiatkowski, T. (2020). LiDAR and the Maya: A Review of Recent Findings. Maya Studies Journal, 12(1), 1-15.